A1.3 · Computer fundamentals · HL
A1.3 · 计算机基础 · HL
Control Systems in the Real World
现实世界中的控制系统
Autonomous cars, lifts, traffic lights, washing machines and home alarms are all the same shape of system: sense the world, decide, act, and check the result. What changes is the sensors, the decision and the actuators.
自动驾驶汽车、电梯、红绿灯、洗衣机和家庭警报器,本质上是同一种形态的系统:感知世界、做决定、采取行动、检查结果。变化的只是传感器、决定和执行器。
Explainer
讲解
The same loop, many settings
同一个回路,许多场景
Every application in this statement is built from the components of A1.3.6: sensors measure the current state, a controller runs a control algorithm to decide what to do, actuators carry the decision out, and a feedback path lets the controller see the result and correct.
本条陈述中的每一个应用都由 A1.3.6 的部件构成:传感器测量当前状态,控制器运行控制算法来决定该做什么,执行器把决定执行出来,而一条反馈通路让控制器看到结果并加以修正。
To explain an application, name its specific sensors, say what the controller decides, name the actuators, and show how feedback closes the loop. The guide’s examples include autonomous vehicles, home thermostats, automatic elevators, washing machines, traffic signals, irrigation systems, home security and automatic doors.
要解释一个应用,就要点出它具体的传感器,说明控制器决定什么,点出执行器,并展示反馈如何闭合回路。学科指南的例子包括自动驾驶汽车、家用恒温器、自动电梯、洗衣机、交通信号、灌溉系统、家庭安防和自动门。
Explainer
讲解
Four applications mapped out
四个应用的梳理
| Application | Sensors | Controller decides | Actuators |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home thermostat | Temperature sensor | Whether to call for heating or cooling to reach the set point | Relay switching the heater or air conditioner |
| Automatic washing machine | Water level, load weight, sometimes water clarity | Fill amount, wash duration, agitation and spin speed for this load | Inlet and drain valves, drum motor |
| Traffic signal control | Inductive loops or cameras counting vehicles; pedestrian buttons | Timing and sequence of the lights for each direction | The traffic lamps for each direction and the pedestrian signals |
| Automatic irrigation | Soil-moisture sensors, sometimes rain or weather data | When to water and how much, per zone | Solenoid valves on the irrigation lines |
| 应用 | 传感器 | 控制器决定 | 执行器 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 家用恒温器 | 温度传感器 | 是否请求加热或制冷以达到设定值 | 切换加热器或空调的继电器 |
| 自动洗衣机 | 水位、负载重量,有时还有水的浑浊度 | 本次负载的进水量、洗涤时长、搅动和脱水速度 | 进水阀和排水阀、滚筒电机 |
| 交通信号控制 | 感应线圈或摄像头统计车辆;行人按钮 | 各方向信号灯的时序和顺序 | 各方向的交通灯和行人信号 |
| 自动灌溉 | 土壤湿度传感器,有时还有降雨或天气数据 | 何时浇水、浇多少,按分区 | 灌溉管路上的电磁阀 |
Explore
探索
Eight applications up close
八个应用近观
Click each system to see its sensors, the decision its controller makes, its actuators, and how feedback keeps it on target.
点击每个系统,看看它的传感器、控制器所做的决定、它的执行器,以及反馈如何让它保持在目标上。
Check your understanding
检验你的理解
In a home thermostat, what provides the feedback that lets the system hold a steady temperature?
在家用恒温器中,是什么提供了让系统保持恒温的反馈?
Common mistake
常见错误
RecurringTwo problems recur. First, answers describe the appliance (“a washing machine washes clothes in cycles”) rather than the control system: explain means map it to input, process, output and feedback, with the actual sensors and actuators named. Second, the feedback step is left out, so the answer describes an open-loop sequence when the real system is closed-loop and corrects itself.
反复出现有两个问题反复出现。第一,答案描述的是电器本身(“洗衣机分程序洗衣服”),而不是控制系统:解释意味着把它对应到输入、处理、输出和反馈,并点出实际的传感器和执行器。第二,反馈这一步被漏掉,于是答案描述的是一个开环序列,而真实系统是闭环并会自我修正的。
Describes the appliance: “A washing machine fills with water, washes the clothes, drains, then spins them dry.” A list of steps with no sensors, no controller decision and no feedback.
描述电器本身: “洗衣机进水、洗衣服、排水,然后把衣服甩干。”一串步骤,没有传感器、没有控制器的决定、没有反馈。
Explained as a control system: “A water-level sensor and a load sensor send readings to the controller (input). The control algorithm sets the fill level, wash time and spin speed for that load and, during filling, compares the water level with the target (process). It signals the inlet valve to open and the drum motor to turn (output). As the drum fills, the sensor keeps reporting; when the level reaches the target the controller closes the valve (feedback closing the loop), and the same comparison governs each later stage.”
作为控制系统来解释: “水位传感器和负载传感器把读数送给控制器(输入)。控制算法为该次负载设定进水量、洗涤时间和脱水速度,并在进水期间把水位与目标比较(处理)。它给进水阀发信号让其打开,给滚筒电机发信号让其转动(输出)。随着滚筒进水,传感器持续报告;当水位达到目标时,控制器关闭阀门(反馈闭合回路),同样的比较支配着之后的每一个阶段。”
Revision questions
复习题
Specimen-paper style. Write an answer, then reveal the marking points and mark yourself.
采用样卷风格。写下答案,然后展开评分要点给自己打分。
[6]Explain how the control system inside an automatic washing machine works.
[6]解释自动洗衣机内部的控制系统如何工作。
Marking points
评分要点
- Input: water-level and load sensors (sometimes water clarity) report to the controller.
- Process: the control algorithm sets fill level, wash time, agitation and spin speed for that load, and compares the water level with the target during filling.
- Output: inlet and drain valves and the drum motor act.
- Feedback: the level sensor keeps reporting; when it reaches the target the controller closes the valve and moves to the next stage.
- 输入:水位传感器和负载传感器(有时还有水的浑浊度)向控制器报告。
- 处理:控制算法为该次负载设定进水量、洗涤时间、搅动和脱水速度,并在进水期间把水位与目标比较。
- 输出:进水阀、排水阀和滚筒电机执行。
- 反馈:水位传感器持续报告;当它达到目标时控制器关闭阀门并进入下一阶段。
[6]Explain how a traffic signal control system uses sensors and feedback to manage traffic flow.
[6]解释交通信号控制系统如何利用传感器和反馈来管理交通流量。
Marking points
评分要点
- Sensors: inductive loops or cameras count waiting vehicles; pedestrian buttons register crossing requests.
- Process: the controller decides the timing and order of the lights for each direction based on the counts.
- Output: the signal lamps (red/amber/green) and pedestrian signals.
- Feedback: live vehicle counts let the controller extend a green phase for a congested lane and shorten an empty one, adapting in real time.
- 传感器:感应线圈或摄像头统计等待的车辆;行人按钮登记过街请求。
- 处理:控制器根据计数决定各方向信号灯的时序和顺序。
- 输出:信号灯(红 / 黄 / 绿)和行人信号。
- 反馈:实时车辆计数让控制器为拥堵车道延长绿灯、为空车道缩短绿灯,实时适应。
[6]Explain how an autonomous vehicle’s sensors, controller and actuators work together to drive it safely.
[6]解释自动驾驶汽车的传感器、控制器和执行器如何协同工作以安全行驶。
Marking points
评分要点
- Sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR and GPS gather data about obstacles, road markings, traffic and the vehicle's position.
- Controller: runs path-planning and obstacle-avoidance algorithms to decide speed, steering and braking in real time.
- Actuators: the steering, throttle and braking systems carry out those decisions.
- The sensors re-scan constantly, so the controller adjusts to new obstacles and changing traffic (closed loop).
- 传感器:摄像头、雷达、激光雷达和 GPS 收集关于障碍物、道路标线、交通和车辆位置的数据。
- 控制器:运行路径规划和避障算法,实时决定速度、转向和制动。
- 执行器:转向、油门和制动系统执行这些决定。
- 传感器不断重新扫描,使控制器对新障碍和变化的交通做出调整(闭环)。
[4]Explain how a home thermostat uses closed-loop feedback to maintain a set temperature.
[4]解释家用恒温器如何利用闭环反馈来维持设定温度。
Marking points
评分要点
- A temperature sensor continuously measures the actual room temperature (the feedback).
- The controller compares it with the set point and its algorithm decides whether heating/cooling is needed.
- It switches a relay to the heater or air conditioner (the actuator).
- As the room changes the sensor keeps reporting, so the system switches off exactly when the target is reached and back on when it drifts.
- 温度传感器持续测量实际室温(反馈)。
- 控制器把它与设定值比较,其算法决定是否需要加热 / 制冷。
- 它切换一个通往加热器或空调(执行器)的继电器。
- 随着房间变化传感器持续报告,所以系统恰好在达到目标时关闭、在偏离时重新开启。
[4]Explain how an automatic irrigation system decides when to water and when to stop.
[4]解释自动灌溉系统如何决定何时浇水、何时停止。
Marking points
评分要点
- Soil-moisture sensors (sometimes with rain/weather data) report the current moisture per zone to the controller.
- The controller compares it with the target level and decides when and how much to water.
- It opens the solenoid valves on the irrigation lines (actuators).
- When the sensor reads the target moisture, the controller closes the valves, avoiding over-watering (closed loop).
- 土壤湿度传感器(有时结合降雨 / 天气数据)按分区把当前湿度报告给控制器。
- 控制器把它与目标水平比较,决定何时浇水、浇多少。
- 它打开灌溉管路上的电磁阀(执行器)。
- 当传感器读到目标湿度时,控制器关闭阀门,避免过度浇水(闭环)。
Flashcards
记忆卡片
Active recall for this statement’s key terms.
针对本条考纲陈述关键术语的主动回忆练习。
Keep this statement’s practice with you
把这条考纲陈述的练习保存下来
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免费账户:解锁 A1.3.7 以及所有其他 IB CS 2027 考纲陈述的每一道复习题,并同步你的学习进度。